Weis' "Ancestral Roots. . ." (140:15), (141B:15), (145:15), (240:16).
He is also known as King of Italy as he spent most of the decade from 831 to 841 there. The main reason for this was that his father had banished him there. There was constant conflict between the two of them. Lothar used Italy primarily as a political and military base for his activities in the north. From the time of the Treaty of Verdun in 843 until his death in 855, he ruled the "Middle Kingdom" which stretched from the North Sea to Rome. Although holding the title of Emperor, he had no authority over the lands of his brother LOUIS THE GERMAN to the east or his other brother, CHARLES THE BALD to the west. When Lothar died in 855, his kingdom was divided between LOUIS and CHARLES. His children became rulers of small portions of his realm. LOUIS II, though nominally his father's successor as Emperor, was in actual fact merely King of Italy. LOTHAR became King of Lorraine. Charles became the first King of Provence.